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An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History and Literature
| Later Jin Dynasty (Houjin) 後金 (1616-1636) | ||
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| Capital: Mukden or Shengjing 盛景 (modern Shenyang 瀋陽, Liaoning) | ||
| temple name (miaohao 廟號) | personal name ▲ name of tomb hill |
reign periods (nianhao 年號) |
| Qing Taizu 清太祖 (r. 1616-1626) | Aisin Gioro Nurhaci (Nurgaci) 愛新覺羅努邇哈赤[努邇哈齊]) ▲ Qing Fuling 清福陵 |
Tianming 天命 / ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ Abka-i Fulingga (1616-1626) |
| Qing Taizong 清太宗 (r. 1626-1643) Dynasty renamed Qing 清 1636 |
Aisin Gioro Hong Taiji (Abahai, Huang Taiji) 愛新覺羅皇太極 ▲ Qing Zhaoling 清昭陵 |
Tiancong 天聰 / ᠰᡠᡵᡝᡥᠠᠨ Sure Han (1627-1635) |
| Chongde 崇德 / ᠸᡝᠰᡳᡥᡠᠨᡝᡵᡩᡝᠮᡠᠩᡤᡝ Wesihun Erdemungge (1636-1643) | ||
| Qing Dynasty 清 (1636/1644-1912) | ||
| Capital: Beijing 北京, secondary capital: Mukden (Shenyang) | ||
| Qing Shizu 清世祖 (r. 1643-1661) | Aisin Gioro Fulin 愛新覺羅福臨 ▲ Qing Xiaoling 清孝陵 |
Shunzhi 順治 / ᡳᠵᡳᠰᡥᡡᠨᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ Ijishūn Dasan (1644-1661) |
Southern Ming Dynasty 南明 (1644-1663): Zhu Yousong 朱由崧, Prince of Fu 南明福王 (r. 1644-1645) -----Hongguang 弘光 1645 Zhu Yujian 朱聿鍵, Prince of Tang 南明唐王 (r. 1645-1646) -----Longwu 隆武 1645-1646 Zhu Yuyue 朱聿𨮁, Prince of Tang (2) 南明唐王 (r. 1646) -----Shaowu 紹武 1646 Zhu Youlang 朱由榔, Prince of Gui 南明桂王 (r. 1646-1661) -----Yongli 永曆 1647-1661 Zhu Benli 朱本鉝, Prince of Han 南明韓王 (r. 1646-1663) -----Dingwu 定武 1647-1663 |
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Usurper in the north: Li Zicheng 李自成, Emperor of Dashun 大順 (r. 1644) -----Yongchang 永昌 1644 Usurper in the west: Zhang Xianzhong 張獻忠, Emperor of Daxi 大西 (r. 1644-1646) -----Dashun 大順 1644-1646 |
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| Qing Shengzu 清聖祖 (r. 1661-1722) | Aisin Gioro Hiowan Yei (Xuanye) 愛新覺羅玄燁 ▲ Qing Jingling 清景陵 |
Kangxi 康熙 / ᡝᠯᡥᡝᡨᠠᡳᡶᡳᠨ Elhe Taifin (1662-1722) |
Usurpers in the southwest: Wu Sangui 吳三桂, Emperor of Zhou 周 (r. 1674-1678) -----Zhaowu 昭武 1678 Wu Shifan 吳世璠, Emperor of Zhou (r. 1678-1681) -----Honghua 洪化 1679-1681 Geng Jingzhong 耿精忠 (1674-1676) -----Yumin 裕民 1674-1676 Zhu Yigui 朱一貴 (1721) -----Yonghe 永和 1721 |
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| Qing Shizong 清世宗 (r. 1722-1735) | Aisin Gioro In Jen (Yinzhen) 愛新覺羅胤禛 ▲ Qing Tailing 清泰陵 |
Yongzheng 雍正 / ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠰᡠᠨᡨᠣᠪ Hūwaliyasun Tob (1723-1735) |
| Qing Gaozong 清高宗 (r. 1735-1796) | Aisin Gioro Hung Li (Hongli) 愛新覺羅弘厲 ▲ Qing Yuling 清裕陵 |
Qianlong 乾隆 / ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳᠸᡝᡥᡳᠶᡝᡥᡝ Abka-i Wehiyehe (1736-1796) |
Usurper in Taiwan: Lin Shuangwen 林爽文 (1786-1788) -----Shuntian 順天 1786-1788 |
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| Qing Renzong 清仁宗 (r. 1796-1820) | Aisin Gioro Yong Yan (Yongyan) 愛新覺羅顒琰 ▲ Qing Changling 清昌陵 |
Jiaqing 嘉慶 / ᠰᠠᡳᠴᡠᠩᡤᠠᡶᡝᠩᡧᡝᠨ Saicungga Fengšen (1796-1820) |
| Qing Xuanzong 清宣宗 (r. 1820-1850) | Aisin Gioro Min Ning (Minning) 愛新覺羅旻寧 ▲ Qing Muling 清慕陵 |
Daoguang 道光 / ᡩᠣᡵᠣᡝᠯᡩᡝᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ Doro Eldengge (1821-1850) |
| Qing Wenzong 清文宗 (r. 1850-1861) | Aisin Gioro I Ju (Yizhu) 愛新覺羅奕詝 ▲ Qing Dingling 清定陵 |
Xianfeng 咸豐 / ᡤᡠᠪᠴᡳᡝᠯᡤᡳᠶᡝᠩᡤᡝ Gubci Elgiyengge (1851-1861) |
Heavenly Kingdom of Greatest Peace (Taiping tianguo) 太平天國 (1851-1864) Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全 (r. 1851-1864) |
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Usurper: Chen Kai 陳開, Emperor of Dacheng 大成 1855-1861 -----Hongde 洪德 1855-1861 |
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| Qing Muzong 清穆宗 (r. 1861-1874) | Aisin Gioro Dzai Šūn (Zaichun) 愛新覺羅載淳 ▲ Qing Huiling 清惠陵 |
Qixiang 祺祥 (1861) |
| Tongzhi 同治 / ᠶᠣᡠᠨᡳᠩᡤᠠᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ Yooningga Dasan (1862-1874) | ||
| Qing Dezong 清德宗 (r. 1874-1908) | Aisin Gioro Dzai Tiyan (Zaitian) 愛新覺羅載湉 ▲ Qing Chongling 清崇陵 |
Guangxu 光緒 / ᠪᠠᡩᠠᡵᠠᠩᡤᠠᡩᠣᡵᠣ Badarangga Doro (1875-1908) |
| The Last Emperor (Modi) 清末帝 (r. 1908-1912; 1917) | Aisin Gioro Puyi 愛新覺羅溥儀, later Emperor of Manzhouguo (1932-1945) | Xuantong 宣統 / ᡤᡝᡥᡠᠩᡤᡝᠶᠣᠰᠣ Gehungge Yoso (1909-1912) |
| Nov. 1911 Xinhai Revolution 辛亥革命 Restoration of the Empire (Fubi zhengfu 復辟政府) Jul 1-12, 1917 |
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