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An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History and Literature
| Ming Dynasty 明 (1368-1644) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Capital: Nanjing 南京 (today in Jiangsu), from 1403 on Beijing 北京, Nanjing being secondary capital | ||
| temple name (miaohao 廟號) | personal name, relationship to predecessor ▲ name of tomb hill |
reign-period (nianhao 年號) |
| Ming Taizu 明太祖 (r. 1368-1398) | Zhu Yuanzhang 朱元璋 ▲ Ming Xiaoling 明孝陵 |
Hongwu 洪武 (1368-1398) |
Northern Yuan dynasty (1368-1388): Toγon Temür 妥歡帖睦爾 (r. [1333]-1370) -----Zhizheng 至正 [1341]-1370 Āyuśrīdara 愛猷識理達臘 (r. 1371-1378) -----Xuanguang 宣光 1371-1378 Toquz Temür 脫古思帖木兒 (r. 1378-1388) -----Tianyuan 天元 1379-1388 |
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Usurpers Ming Yuzhen 明玉珍, Emperor of Xia 夏 (r. 1362-1371) -----Kaixi 開熙 1367-1371 Tian Jiucheng 田九成 (1397) -----Longfeng 龍鳳 1397 |
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| Ming Huidi 明惠帝 (r. 1398-1402) | Zhu Xunwen 朱允炆, grandson of Taizu ▲ (none) |
Jianwen 建文 (1399-1402) |
| Ming Chengzu 明成祖 (r. 1402-1424) | Zhu Di 朱棣, son of Taizu ▲ Ming Changling 明長陵 |
Yongle 永樂 (1403-1424) |
| Ming Renzong 明仁宗 (r. 1424-1425) | Zhu Gaochi 朱高熾, son of Chengzu ▲ Ming Xianling 明獻陵 |
Hongxi 洪熙 (1425) |
| Ming Xuanzong 明宣宗 (r. 1425-1435) | Zhu Zhanji 朱瞻基, son of Renzong ▲ Ming Jingling 明景陵 |
Xuande 宣德 (1426-1435) |
| Ming Yingzong 明英宗 (r. 1435-1449) | Zhu Qizhen 朱祁鎮, son of Xuanzong ▲ Ming Yuling 明裕陵 |
Zhengtong 正統 (1436-1449) |
Usurper: Huang Xiaoyang 黃蕭養 (1449) -----Dongyang 東陽 1449 |
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| Ming Daizong 明代宗 (r. 1449-1456) | Zhu Qiyu 朱祁鈺, brother of Yingzong ▲ Ming Jingtailing 明景泰陵 |
Jingtai 景泰 (1450-1456) |
| Ming Yingzong (again, r. 1457-1464) | Tianshun 天順 (1457-1464) | |
Usurpers Wang Bin 王斌 (1457) -----Tianxiu 天繡 1457 Li Tianbao 李添保 (1460) -----Wulie 武烈 1460 |
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| Ming Xianzong 明憲宗 (r. 1464-1487) | Zhu Jianshen 朱見深, son of Yingzong ▲ Ming Maoling 明茂陵 |
Chenghua 成化 (1465-1487) |
Usurper Liu Tong 劉通 (1465-1466) -----Desheng 德勝 1465-1466 |
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| Ming Xiaozong 明孝宗 (r. 1487-1505) | Zhu Youcheng 朱祐樘, son of Xianzong ▲ Ming Tailing 明泰陵 |
Hongzhi 弘治 (1488-1505) |
| Ming Wuzong 明武宗 (r. 1505-1521) | Zhu Houzhao 朱厚照, son of Xiaozong ▲ Ming Kangling 明康陵 |
Zhengde 正德 (1506-1521) |
Usurper Zhu Chenhao 朱宸濠 (1519) -----Shunde 順德 1519 |
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| Ming Shizong 明世宗 (r. 1521-1566) | Zhu Houcong 朱厚熜, grandson of Xianzong ▲ Ming Yongling 明永陵 |
Jiajing 嘉靖 (1522-1566) |
Usurpers Zhang Lian 張璉 (1560-1562) -----Zaoli 造曆 1560-1562 Cai Boguan 蔡伯貫 (1565-1566) -----Dabao 大寶 1565-1566 |
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| Ming Muzong 明穆宗 (r. 1566-1572) | Zhu Zaihou 朱載垕, son of Shizong ▲ Ming Zhaoling 明昭陵 |
Longqing 隆慶 (1567-1572) |
| Ming Shenzong 明神宗 (r. 1572-1619) | Zhu Yijun 朱翊鈞, son of Muzong ▲ Ming Dingling 明定陵 |
Wanli 萬曆 (1573-1619) |
| Ming Guangzong 明光宗 (r. 1620) | Zhu Changluo 朱常洛, son of Shenzong ▲ Ming Qingling 明慶陵 |
Taichang 泰昌 (1620) |
| Ming Xizong 明熹宗 (r. 1620-1627) | Zhu Youjiao (Zhu Youxiao) 朱由校, son of Guangzong ▲ Ming Deling 明德陵 |
Tianqi 天啟 (1621-1627) |
Usurper Xu Hongru 徐鴻儒 (1622) -----Dacheng xingsheng 大成興盛 (大乘興勝) 1622 |
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| Ming Sizong 明思宗 (r. 1627-1644) | Zhu Youjian 朱由檢, brother of Xizong ▲ Ming Siling 明思陵 |
Chongzhen 崇禎 (1628-1644) |
Later Jin dynasty 後金 (1616-1636): Aisin Gioro Nurhaci 愛新覺羅努邇哈赤 (r. 1616-1626) -----Tianming 天命 1616-1626 Aisin Gioro Hong Taiji (Abahai, Huang Taiji) 愛新覺羅皇太極 (r. 1626-1643) -----Tiancong 天聰 1627-1635 Dynasty renamed Qing 清 1636 -----Chongde 崇德 1636-1643 |
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Usurpers Li Zicheng 李自成, Emperor of Dashun 大順 (r. 1644-1645) -----Yongchang 永昌 1644-1645 Zhang Xianzhong 張獻忠, Emperor of Daxi 大西 (r. 1644-1646) -----Dashun 大順 1644-1646 |
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| Southern Ming (Nanming) 南明 1644-1661 | ||
| Ming Anzong 明安宗, the Prince of Fu 南明福王 (r. 1644-1645) | Zhu Yousong 朱由崧 | Hongguang 弘光 (1645) |
| Ming Shaozong 明紹宗, the Prince of Tang 南明唐王 (r. 1645-1646) | Zhu Yujian 朱聿鍵 | Longwu 隆武 (1645-1646) |
| Ming Wenzong 明文宗, the Prince of Tang (2) 南明唐王 (r. 1646) | Zhu Yuyue 朱聿𨮁 | Shaowu 紹武 (1646) |
| Ming Yizong 明義宗, the Prince of Lu 南明魯王 (r. 1646) | Zhu Yihai 朱以海 | |
| Ming Zhaozong 明昭宗, the Prince of Gui 南明桂王 (r. 1646-1661) | Zhu Youlang 朱由榔 | Yongli 永曆 (1647-1661) |
| The Prince of Han 南明韓王 (r. 1646-1663) | Zhu Benli 朱本鉝 | Dingwu 定武 (1647-1663) |
| Ming Jingzong 明敬宗, the Prince of Huai 南明淮王 (r. 1648-1649) | Zhu Changqing 朱常清 | Dongwu 東武 (1648-1649) |